EFFECTS OF NIPAH VIRUS IN TODAY’S WORLD
Abstract
The effect of Nipah Virus Infection is increasing day by day in today’s scenario and more number of cases are found in various countries. In India it was discovered in Sikkim, Siliguri and West Bengal. It is near borders with China, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sikkim. The primary pathways of transmission is from bats to people, in Bangladesh its transformed via contamination of raw date palm sap by bats with subsequent consumption by humans and through infection of domestic animals (cattle, pigs, and goats), presumably from consumption of food contaminated with bat saliva or urine with subsequent transmission to people. It is found in both species of humans as well as animals more number of deaths was found in the both spices, hence zoonotics.
Laboratory investigations at the time of the outbreak did not show or identify an infectious agent. Approximately half of recognized Nipah cases in Bangladesh developed their disease following person to person transmission of the virus. Efforts to prevent transmission should focus on decreasing bat access to date palm sap and reducing family members' and friends' exposure to infected patients' saliva or body fluids.
Keywords:
Nipah Virus (NiV),, Pteropus, Virus infection, Optical densities (OD).
References
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43. Paton NI, Leo YS, Zaki SR, et al. Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore.Lancet.1999; 354:1253–1256. [PubMed: 10520634]
44. Chong HT, Kunjapan SR, Thayaparan T, et al. Nipah encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia, clinical features in patients from Seremban. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques.2002; 29:83–87. [PubMed: 11858542]
45. Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, et al. Clinical presentation of nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46:977–984. [PubMed: 18444812]
46. Chong HT, Hossain J, Tan CT. Differences in epidemiologic and clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis between the Malaysian and Bangladesh outbreaks. Neurology Asia.2008; 13:23–26.
47. Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, et al. Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2007; 62:235–242. [PubMed: 17696217]
48. Tan CT, Goh KJ, Wong KT, et al. Relapsed and late-onset Nipah encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2002; 51:703–708. [PubMed: 12112075]
49. Wong SC, Ooi MH, Wong MN, et al. Late presentation of Nipah virus encephalitis and kinetics of the humoral immune response. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.2001; 71:552–554.
50. Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, et al. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am J Pathol.2002; 161:2153–2167. [PubMed: 12466131]
51. Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Fogarty R, et al. Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission. The American journal of tropical
medicine and hygiene.2011; 85:946–951. [PubMed: 22049055]
52. Middleton DJ, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide BM, et al. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (Pteropuspoliocephalus). J Comp Pathol.2007; 136:266–272. [PubMed: 17498518]
53. Middleton DJ, Westbury HA, Morrissy CJ, et al. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pigs and cats.J Comp Pathol.2002; 126:124–136. [PubMed: 11945001]
54. Weingartl H, Czub S, Copps J, et al. Invasion of the central nervous system in a porcine host by nipah virus. J Virol.2005; 79: 7528-7534. [PubMed: 15919907]
55. Bossart KN, Zhu Z, Middleton D, et al. A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against lethal disease in a new ferret model of acute nipah virus infection. PLoSPathog. 2009; 5:e1000642. [PubMed: 19888339]
56. Clayton BA, Middleton D, Bergfeld J, et al. Transmission routes for nipah virus from Malaysia and Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012; 18:1983–1993. [PubMed: 23171621]
57. Mungall BA, Middleton D, Crameri G, et al. Feline model of acute nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine. J Virol.2006; 80:12293–12302. [PubMed: 17005664]
2. Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Lam SK, et al. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science. 2000; 288:1432–5.
3. ICDDRB. Nipah encephalitis outbreak over wide area of western Bangladesh. Health Science Bulletin. 2004; 2:7–11.
4. ICDDRB. Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus during outbreak in Faridpur District. Health Science Bulletin. 2004; 2:5–9.
5. World Health Organization. Nipah virus outbreak(s) in Bangladesh, January–April 2004. WklyEpidemiol Rec. 2004; 17:168–71.
6. Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, Ali MM, Ksiazek TG, Kuzmin I, et al. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10:2082–7
7. Yob JM, Field H, Rashdi AM, Morrissy C, van der Heide B, Rota P, et al. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7:439–41.
8. Olson JG, Rupprecht C, Rollin PE, An US, Niezgoda M, Clemins T, et al. Antibodies to Nipah-like virus in bats (Pteropuslylei), in Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8:987–8.
9. Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, et al. Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes. Microbes Infect. 2002; 4:145–51.
10. Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, Faure C, Seng V, Molia S, et al. Nipah Virus in Lyle’s flying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005:11; 1042–7.
11. Mandeep S. Chadha, James A. Comer et al. Nipah Virus associated Encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India.
12. Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR). Nipah Infection in 2013-Update on 5 Feb, 2013
13. World Health Organization Global Early Warning System for Major Animal Diseases, including Zoonoses. Zoonoses & Vet Pub Hlth. 2007 (http://www.who.int/zoonoses/outbreaks/glews/en/index.html).
14. Chadha MS, Comer JA, Lowe L, Rota PA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Ksiazek TG, Mishra A. Nipah virus-associated encephalitis outbreak, Siliguri, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12(2):235–40.
15. Harit AK, Ichhpujani RL, Gupta S, Gill KS, Lal S, Ganguly NK, Agarwal SP. Nipah/Hendra virus outbreak in Siliguri, West Bengal, India in 2001. Indian J Med Res. 2006; 123:553–60.
16. Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, Chan YP, Lim ME, Lam SK. Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes. Microbes Infect. 2002; 4:145–51.
17. International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDRB). Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus during outbreak in Faridpur District. Health Sci Bull. 2004; 2:5–9.
18. World Health Organization. Nipah virus outbreak(s) in Bangladesh, January–April 2004.WklyEpidemiol Rec. 2004; 17:168
19. Nowak RM. Walker’s bats of the world. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1994.
20. Harcourt BH, Lowe L, Tamin A, Liu X, Bankamp B, Bowden N, Rollin PE, Comer JA, Ksiazek TG, Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Breiman RS, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of Nipah viruses isolated during two outbreaks in Bangladesh in 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11:1594–7.
21. Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, Faure C, Seng V, Molia S, Walston J, Georges-Courbot MC, Deubel V, Sarthou JL. Nipah virus in Lyle’s flying foxes, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11:1042–7.
22. Krishnan S. Nipah outbreak in India and Bangladesh, WHO Communicable Disease Department Newsletter. 2007; 4(2).
23. Arankalle VA, Bandyopadhyay BT, Ramdasi AY, Jadi R, Patil DR, Rahman M, Majumdar M, Banerjee PS, Hati AK, Goswami RP, Neogi DK, Mishra AC. Genomic characterization of Nipah virus, West Bengal, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17:907–9. 24. Chua KB, Bellini WJ, Rota PA, et al. Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Science May 26; 2000 288(5470):1432–5. [PubMed: 10827955] 25. Paton NI, Leo YS, Zaki SR, et al. Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore. Lancet Oct 9; 1999 354(9186):1253–6. [PubMed: 10520634] 26. Chua KB. Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. J ClinVirol Apr; 2003 26(3):265–75. [PubMed: 12637075] 27. Parashar UD, Sunn LM, Ong F, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia. The Journal of Infectious Diseases May; 2000 181(5):1755–9. [PubMed: 10823779] 28. Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, et al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. The New England Journal of Medicine Apr 27; 2000 342(17):1229–35. [PubMed: 10781618] 29. Uppal PK. Emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2000; 916:354–7. [PubMed: 11193645] 30. Yob JM, Field H, Rashdi AM, et al. Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia. Emerging Infectious Diseases May-Jun; 2001 7(3):439–41. [PubMed: 11384522] 31. Daszak, P, Plowright, R, Epstein, JH, Pulliam, J, Abdul Rahman S. Field, HE.; Smith, CS.; Olival, KJ.; Luby, S.; Halpin, K.; Hyatt, AD.; HERG. The emergence of Nipah and Hendra virus: pathogen dynamics across a wildlife-livestock-human continuum. In: Collinge, SRS., editor. Disease Ecology: Community structure and pathogen dynamics. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 2006. p. 186-201. 32. Reynes JM, Counor D, Ong S, et al. Nipah virus in Lyle's flying foxes, Cambodia. Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul; 2005 11(7):1042–7. [PubMed: 16022778] 33. Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K, et al. Bat Nipah virus, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec; 2005 11(12):1949–51. [PubMed: 16485487] 34. Epstein JH, Prakash VB, Smith CS, et al. Henipavirus infection in Fruit Bats (Pteropusgiganteus), India. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2008;14(8) 35. Hsu VP, Hossain MJ, Parashar UD, et al. Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec; 2004 10(12):2082–7. [PubMed: 15663842] 36. Iehle C, Razafitrimo G, Razainirina J, et al. Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats, Madagascar. Emerging Infectious
Diseases Jan; 2007 13(1):159–61. [PubMed: 17370536] 37. Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS, et al. Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes. Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur Feb; 2002 4(2):145–51. [PubMed: 11880045] 38. Middleton DJ, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide BM, et al. Experimental Nipah Virus Infection in Pteropid Bats (Pteropuspoliocephalus). Journal of Comparative Pathology May; 2007 136(4):266–72. [PubMed: 17498518] 39. Nowak, R. Walker's Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press; Baltimore: 1994. 40. Bates, PJJ.; Harrison, DL. Bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum; Kent, UK: 1997. 41. Middleton DJ, Westbury HA, Morrissy CJ, et al. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pigs and cats. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 2002 Feb-Apr;126(23):124–36. [PubMed] 42. Epstein JH, Field HE, Luby S, Pulliam JR, Daszak P. Nipah virus: impact, origins, and cause of emergence Current Infectious Disease reports. 2006 Jan;8(1):59–65. [PubMed]
43. Paton NI, Leo YS, Zaki SR, et al. Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore.Lancet.1999; 354:1253–1256. [PubMed: 10520634]
44. Chong HT, Kunjapan SR, Thayaparan T, et al. Nipah encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia, clinical features in patients from Seremban. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques.2002; 29:83–87. [PubMed: 11858542]
45. Hossain MJ, Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, et al. Clinical presentation of nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46:977–984. [PubMed: 18444812]
46. Chong HT, Hossain J, Tan CT. Differences in epidemiologic and clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis between the Malaysian and Bangladesh outbreaks. Neurology Asia.2008; 13:23–26.
47. Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, et al. Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2007; 62:235–242. [PubMed: 17696217]
48. Tan CT, Goh KJ, Wong KT, et al. Relapsed and late-onset Nipah encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2002; 51:703–708. [PubMed: 12112075]
49. Wong SC, Ooi MH, Wong MN, et al. Late presentation of Nipah virus encephalitis and kinetics of the humoral immune response. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.2001; 71:552–554.
50. Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, et al. Nipah virus infection: pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am J Pathol.2002; 161:2153–2167. [PubMed: 12466131]
51. Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Fogarty R, et al. Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission. The American journal of tropical
medicine and hygiene.2011; 85:946–951. [PubMed: 22049055]
52. Middleton DJ, Morrissy CJ, van der Heide BM, et al. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pteropid bats (Pteropuspoliocephalus). J Comp Pathol.2007; 136:266–272. [PubMed: 17498518]
53. Middleton DJ, Westbury HA, Morrissy CJ, et al. Experimental Nipah virus infection in pigs and cats.J Comp Pathol.2002; 126:124–136. [PubMed: 11945001]
54. Weingartl H, Czub S, Copps J, et al. Invasion of the central nervous system in a porcine host by nipah virus. J Virol.2005; 79: 7528-7534. [PubMed: 15919907]
55. Bossart KN, Zhu Z, Middleton D, et al. A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against lethal disease in a new ferret model of acute nipah virus infection. PLoSPathog. 2009; 5:e1000642. [PubMed: 19888339]
56. Clayton BA, Middleton D, Bergfeld J, et al. Transmission routes for nipah virus from Malaysia and Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012; 18:1983–1993. [PubMed: 23171621]
57. Mungall BA, Middleton D, Crameri G, et al. Feline model of acute nipah virus infection and protection with a soluble glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine. J Virol.2006; 80:12293–12302. [PubMed: 17005664]
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Singh, D., R. Ahuja, and N. Singh. “EFFECTS OF NIPAH VIRUS IN TODAY’S WORLD”. Himalayan Journal of Health Sciences, Vol. 3, no. 2, June 2018, pp. 5-14, doi:10.22270/ijist.v3i2.12.
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